| Primitive (stone age) | This period was characterized by foraging and hunting. Early humans learned about edible plants and started gathering grains. |
| Neolithic Revolution | Humans started to shift from being nomads to settling and farming. This marked the start of the agriculture era. |
| Early Civilizations | Irrigation systems were developed. Crops like barley, wheat, and maize were domesticated for cultivation. |
| Ancient empires (Romans, Greeks) | There were improvements in irrigation, the plough and related tools; agriculture was seen more as a science. |
| Middle Ages | More lands were prepared for cultivation due to the development of the heavy plough and horse-collar. |
| Renaissance | More advanced farming techniques (e.g., three-field system), improved livestock, and new crops were introduced. |
| Industrial revolution | The advent of machinery dramatically increased agricultural productivity. Also, fertilizers and pesticides came into usage. |
| 20th Century | Mechanization, biochemistry and genetic modification shaped agriculture. Practices such as soil conservation came into focus. |
| Modern Era (21st century) | Precision and digital agriculture emerged, shaped by technology such as drones, satellites, robotics, and AI. |
