| Antikythera Mechanism | Ancient Greece (c. 100 BCE) | An ancient Greek analog computer used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses. |
| Aeolipile (Hero’s Engine) | Alexandria, Egypt (c. 1st century CE) | A simple steam engine invented by Hero of Alexandria, marking an early form of steam propulsion. |
| Archimedes’ Screw | Ancient Greece (c. 3rd century BCE) | A device for raising water, attributed to Archimedes, often used for irrigation or draining. |
| Water Wheel | Ancient Mesopotamia (c. 4th century BCE) | An early device that converts flowing water into useful mechanical power, often used for milling. |
| Windlass | Ancient Greece/Ancient Rome (c. 6th century BCE) | A mechanical device used to lift heavy weights, consisting of a horizontal cylinder around which a cable is wound. |
| Chinese Seismoscope | Ancient China (c. 132 CE) | An early earthquake detector designed by Zhang Heng, detecting the direction of an earthquake’s epicenter. |
| Differential Gear | Ancient China (c. 2nd century BCE) | A gear system that allows for the distribution of torque to the wheels, enabling different wheel speeds, particularly in vehicles. |
| Roman Corn Mill | Ancient Rome (c. 1st century BCE) | A large scale milling device powered by water, used extensively for grinding grain into flour. |
| Water Clock (Clepsydra) | Ancient Egypt (c. 16th century BCE) | A timekeeping device that measures time by the regulated flow of liquid into or out of a vessel. |
| Odometer | Ancient Greece/Ancient Rome (c. 1st century BCE) | An instrument used to measure distance traveled by a vehicle, presumably invented by Vitruvius or Archimedes. |
